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The Blood Bank mobile application is an effort of easing the process of receiving and donating blood. This application helps the users to seamlessly donate and receive the required blood and also gives the availability of oxygen and ambulance in nearby hospitals. It gives the user information related to the availability of blood types in different hospitals and blood banks. Taking in mind the COVID-19 pandemic situation, in which the requirement for blood and oxygens were reached an unmanageable level. Blood and Oxygen is an essential part of the healthcare system. Day by day, the requirement for blood and oxygen is increasing, but still, there is unavailability and shortage. This project aims to give people a single platform to resolve these issues. © 2023 IEEE.
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Introduction: Vasovagal reactions (VVRs) are common but complex donor adverse reactions (DAEs) in blood donations. VVRs have been extensively studied with a multitude of risk factors identified including young age, female gender and first-time donor status. How they may interplay remains obscure. Methods: A total of 1,984,116 blood donations and 27,952 immediate VVRs (iVVRs) and 1,365 delayed VVRs (dVVRs) reported between 2011 and 2021 in NZ were used in multivariate logistic regression analyses each concerning donations with iVVRs as cases and those free of DAEs as controls. For each analysis stepwise selection was used to identify the best model and risk factors carrying significant main effects and/or interactions. Identified interactions informed further in-depth regression analyses to dissect iVVR risk patterns. Results: Over 95% of VVRs were iVVRs that had lower female preponderance and deferrals than dVVRs. iVVRs had a school seasonal pattern in whole blood donations driven by first-time donors from schools/colleges, and interactions between gender and age group differentiating the first-time from repeat donations. Subsequent regression analyses identified the known and novel risk factors of year and mobile collection sites and their interactions. iVVR rates were roundly elevated in 2020 and 2021 probably because of COVID-19 restrictions like facemask wearing. Exclusion of the 2020 and 2021 data removed the interactions with year, but confirmed interactions of gender with mobile collection sites (p = 6.2e-07) in first-time donations only and with age group in repeat donations only (p < 2.2e-16), together indicating young female donors at the highest risk of iVVRs. Our results also revealed that donation policy changes contributed to the year effects; donors had a lower iVVR risk at mobile sites than well-medicalized donation centers probably because of under-reporting. Conclusion: Modeling statistical interactions is valuable in identifying odds and revealing novel iVVR risk patterns and insights into blood donations.
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Blood Donation , COVID-19 , Female , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Masks , Personal Protective Equipment , PolicyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Although no case of COVID-19 transmission through transfusion has been reported, blood transfusion service (BTS) continues to implement pre-donation and post-donation measures to minimise the risk. In year 2022, when local healthcare system was badly impacted by a major outbreak, it opened an opportunity to re-examine the viraemia risk in these asymptomatic donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records were retrieved from blood donors who reported COVID-19 after donation and follow-up was also made for recipients who received their blood. Blood samples at donation were tested for SARS-CoV-2 viraemia by single-tube nested real-time RT-PCR assay designed to detect most SARS-CoV-2 variants including the prevailing delta and omicron variants. RESULTS: From 1 January to 15 August 2022, the city with 7.4 M inhabitants recorded 1 187 844 COVID-19 positive cases and 125 936 successful blood donations were received. 781 donors reported to the BTS after donation with 701 being COVID-19 related (including close contact and symptoms respiratory tract infection). 525 COVID-19 were positive at the time of call back or follow-up. Of the 701 donations, they were processed into 1480 components with 1073 discarded upon donors' call back. For remaining 407 components, no recipient was found to have adverse event or COVID-19 positive. 510 samples from the above 525 COVID-19 positive donors were available and all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. DISCUSSION: With the negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA in blood donation samples and follow up data in transfusion recipients, the risk of transfusion transmitted COVID-19 appears negligible. However, current measures remains important in securing blood safety with ongoing surveillance of their effectiveness.
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INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a historic public health crisis with widespread social and economic ramifications. The pandemic has also affected the blood supply, resulting in unprecedented and sustained blood shortages. AREAS COVERED: This review describes the challenges of maintaining a safe and sufficient blood supply in the wake of natural disasters, humanitarian emergencies, and pandemics. The challenges, which are accentuated in low- and high-income countries, span the impact on human capacity (affecting blood donors and blood collections personnel alike), disruption to supply chains, and economic sustainability. COVID-19 imparted lessons on how to offset these challenges, which may be applied to future pandemics and public health crises. EXPERT OPINION: Pandemic emergency preparedness plans should be implemented or revised by blood centers and hospitals to lessen the impact to the blood supply. Comprehensive planning should address the timely assessment of risk to the blood supply, rapid donor recruitment, and communication of need, measures to preserve safety for donors and operational staff, careful blood management, and resource sharing.
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COVID-19 , Natural Disasters , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , EmergenciesABSTRACT
Introduction: On 24 February 2022, the Russia-Ukraine military conflict unfolded just across the eastern border of the European Union. It made everyone realize how important it is to secure blood supplies to health-care units in the event of an armed conflict. This paper presents the principles of functioning of the Military Blood Donation Service and the Military Center for Blood Donation and Hemotherapy in Poland. Methods: The study used data collected in the "Military Blood Bank" information processing system and data from annual reports (2010-2021) sent to the Minister of Health of the Republic of Poland. The reports concerned, among others: demographic data on donors, reasons of permanent disqualifications, numbers of complete and incomplete donations, etc. Results: Since 2005, the number of donors registered in military blood donation centers ranged between 15 and 35 thousand/year. The most dramatic declines in donors were observed in 2010 and 2020. Successful donations accounted for more than 98% of all donations/year (except 2015), and their number varied between 20 and 32 thousand/year. Among the blood donors, men always predominated and the dominant age group (except for 2010) was 25-44 years. The reasons for permanent disqualification have varied over time: their proportions decreased for viral hepatitis and cardiovascular disease, and increased for respiratory and endocrine/metabolic diseases. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020/2021, these proportions have sometimes been reversed. Discussion: The Military Blood Donation Service has been functioning in Poland for several decades. It is specialized in supplying blood and blood products to the Armed Forces. Unfortunately, it was not possible to refer to the functioning of similar institutions in other countries. Therefore, when evaluating the functioning of Polish military blood donation, we had to rely on numerical values (eg, number of donors/year, donor profile, etc.), which prove a very good organization of blood donation centers. However, it should be noted that, as in other countries, a more active promotion of blood donation in the media is advisable in order to encourage as many young people as possible to donate blood.
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The blood Transfusion Unit of the Indonesian Red Cross (UTD PMI) Pontianak is an organization engaged in blood donation services. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the bloodstock at UTD PMI Pontianak was insufficient. When the bloodstock was insufficient, donor seekers or the families of patients who needed blood would share messages asking for blood on social media. However, people often ignored these messages because they were not addressed to the right donor, as well as donors who often see similar messages but do not match their blood type. One of the factors that caused insufficient bloodstock at UTD PMI Pontianak was the lack of donor motivation in donating blood. The existing blood donor application still had some problems regarding the user interface, and there were still some users' needs that had not been met in the application. For a design to meet the users' needs, the researchers used the User-Centered Design (UCD) method to create a user interface for blood donation information media because UCD focused on user needs to achieve user goals. The prototype was tested for usability using the USE Questionnaire and follow-up interviews. From the results of the USE Questionnaire, the researchers obtained very good usability for every aspect, with a score above 92%. This research also showed that donors and donor seekers felt helped by the prototype of blood donor information media because it could meet the user needs in dealing with the problem they faced. © 2022 IEEE.
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Background: Natural disasters and pandemics can be highly challenging to blood supply chains. This review aimed to assess the impacts of pandemics and natural disasters on blood donation globally, appraise any similarities and differences, and provide an overview of the mitigation strategies and optimizations applied as well as risks modelling undertaken. Method(s): Full text, peer-reviewed articles that studied the impact of any pandemic and natural disaster on blood donation, blood supply management, and modelling searchable in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library between Jan 1980 and Jan 2023, inclusive were included. We performed quality assessments and summarised potential lessons learned. Result(s): Overall, 98 studies were identified and assessed in this review, of which 58 were related to pandemics and 17 related to natural disasters. 97% of the studies on pandemics and blood donation were on COVID-19, while 88% of studies on natural disasters were on earthquakes. We confirmed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, blood donation numbers decreased compared to the pre-pandemic period, while just after an earthquake, blood donation numbers tended to increase, which in both cases put the blood supply chain under pressure (creating shortage or wastage). The increase of first-time donors was higher after a sudden destructive earthquake than after the COVID-19 pandemic. Public awareness campaigns, donors transportation, home visits, measures to minimize wastage of blood components, activation of contingency plans, and altering donor eligibility criteria were implemented to help the blood supply chain to respond to the demand and reduce wastage. However, no pandemic plans, per se were identified highlighting the lack of an emergency plan in collaboration with health authorities. Several optimization models were developed to help the blood supply chain reduce costs and identify faster transportation in times of earthquake, however, optimization models targeting a pandemic were lacking, as were risk modelling analyses for both events. Conclusion(s): Optimization models, risk modelling, serosurveillance and haemovigilance should be combined with infectious diseases case surveillance to better prepare the whole supply chain logistics to safely attend the demand. Findings on blood donor demographics were inconclusive during or after major events, which highlight the need for further investigations.Copyright © 2023 The Authors
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Computers and cell phones have become more commonplace in a society in addition to the many benefits they provide in our daily lives. Internet communication (through websites and applications) has become essential as a result of the Corona pandemic and the issues it brought up. The difficulty in locating a trustworthy blood bag could result in the loss of many lives. Blood donation is crucial for patients with thalassemia, cancer patients, accident victims, and surgical procedures. To donate blood, one must research and visit a blood bank. In a time crunch, it could be challenging to choose the best donor. Because unusual blood types aren't always available at all blood banks, recipients often struggle to find the appropriate blood donor. To address the issue of a lack of blood bags, it is evident in a blood bank's inadequate management, the elimination of uncommon blood types, a lack of understanding and confidence, and the challenge of determining a specific blood group. This project aims to design and deploy a mobile application. It is advised to make use of a blood donation app that is connected to the main database that compiles and arranges information from all blood donation drives and blood banks. All necessary blood donation processes are managed and controlled by the proposed application. The front end of the application is built using JavaScript in this project (React native is used as the framework for JS), and the back end is built using Firebase as the database. © 2022 IEEE.
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Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in the number of blood donors worldwide, posing a global problem. Therefore, this study investigates people who have continuously participated in blood donation during the COVID-19 pandemic and collects basic information as a reference for maintaining stable amounts of blood during future pandemics. Methods: The participants of this study were selected from the population of South Korea through stratified sampling considering region and age distributions. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the participants were recruited online through Embrain, an online research and survey company, from June 1 to June 28, 2021. Data were collected from a total of 1,043 participants and used in the study. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a difference between the donors group and non-donors group in factors such as donation attitude (F = 73.342, p < 0.001), donation knowledge (F = 6.530, p < 0.01), and preventive health behavior (F = 12.352, p < 0.001). Overall, blood donors showed favorable attitude toward and considerable knowledge of blood donation as well as a high level of preventive health behavior. The environment most preferred by people who participated in blood donation during the COVID-19 pandemic was "going with family to a blood donation center that gives out free gifts in a region far away with no confirmed cases," which showed the highest utility (utility = 0.734). Conclusion: Even during pandemics, donation attitude, donation knowledge, and preventive health behavior can serve as key factors affecting participation in blood donation. Additionally, blood donation centers that donors can visit with their families represent a favorable environment for the promotion of blood donation during pandemics.
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Blood Donors , COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , East Asian People , AttitudeABSTRACT
Background: The demand for blood donations in Syria was high as the country has suffered for 9 years from war, and this demand has substantially increased during and after the lockdown from the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to assess blood donations in Syria and their association with multiple factors. Methods: Online questionnaires were distributed to social media groups, with questions related to stress, anger, and COVID-19 distress. Results: This study included 1,423 participants, of which 899 (63.2%) were women. Only 48.5% have ever donated blood, of which 33.3% donated only once in their lifetime. Not having a good reason to donate blood was the main reason for not donating. Obtaining documents was the main reason for blood donation among people who donated blood (64.8%). Stress, anger, and fear of infection were not associated with blood donation and its patterns. Losing someone close and being endangered by war were associated with more frequent blood donations in contrast to being distressed by war. Conclusion: COVID-19 distress, stress, and anger were not associated with the decrease in blood donation. Spreading awareness on volunteer blood donation is crucial to combat blood shortage during stressful times.
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In May 2020, after years of demands by activists and in light of COVID-19-related blood shortages, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court abolished the rules that demanded a 12-month celibacy period for men who have sex with men (MSM) to donate blood. The objective of this open web survey was to assess the perceptions and practices regarding blood donation and blood donation rules among members of the Brazilian LGBT+ community. The data collection was conducted between October 2019 and March 2020, before the changes in the rules for blood donation and before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. A total of 1639 adult individuals, self-declared as LGBT+ , participated (54.3 % MSM, 2.2 non-MSM, 43.5 % women). As expected, most of the study participants did not agree with the 12-month deferral period for MSM donate blood. Blood donation was already practiced by MSM, even before the abolition of the restrictions on donation. Among MSM and women, 38.7 % and 41.0 % have already donated blood, respectively. A significant number of participants reported lying in screening interviews at blood banks in order to be able to donate, and many said they knew people who were MSM and disobeyed the rules for donation, even though they knew them. Therefore, the practice of blood donation was already present among these people, even before the restriction policy change, confirming the need for revised rules for blood donation.
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Blood donation is a major area of interest within the field of health care. Moreover, Coronavirus pandemic, which has disrupted various aspects of life, Blood donation is still necessary for human life. The optimization of the management of blood donation will ensure sustainable and secure blood supply to save patients. The purpose of this article is threefold: i) to provide an intelligent generic taxonomy to the literature on BDM with regard to relevant real-life problems;ii) to emphasize the specific characteristics of donors and blood donation;iii) to propose the best promotion activities of blood collection. We conduct a systematic review of studies addressing differents problems in order to determine the efficacy of taxonomy and to get insights for potential directions and opportunities for future research about blood donation promotion and management.
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Background: The area of the cubital fossa contains the main superficial veins, including the basilic, cephalic, median cubital, and median antebrachial veins, and their innominate small tributaries. For this reason, it is the area most preferred by medical practitioners to access the circulatory system for various clinical applications.Objective: The aim of this study was to address the prevalence of different types of antecubital fossa superficial vein patterns observable among Saudi subjects by applying a tourniquet and using a VeinViewer (R).Materials and methods: Over the period from September 2020 to April 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The 151 study subjects were randomly chosen from the emergency department of King Fahad University Hospital. A total of 302 venous patterns were obtained;55 were excluded due to the presence of scar tissues over the antecubital fossa, obesity, or thick subcutaneous tissue. Four classes of cubital venous patterns were established according to other studies, and a VeinViewer (R) and a tourniquet were used to visualize the venous patterns.Results: Of the 151 people, 21 were female and 130 were male. Among the included 247 venous patterns, the predominant type was type 2 (52.2%), characterized by a branching off the median cubital vein from the cephalic vein and an upward progression to join the basilic vein.Conclusion: Type 2 appears to be the dominant pattern, with no significant relation to the origins of the parents, in the Saudi population. Gender does not influence the venous patterns. Further studies are needed outside the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic to obtain a larger sample.
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Blood donation is a major area of interest within the field of health care. Moreover, Coronavirus pandemic, which has disrupted various aspects of life, Blood donation is still necessary for human life. The optimization of the management of blood donation will ensure sustainable and secure blood supply to save patients. The purpose of this article is threefold: i) to provide an intelligent generic taxonomy to the literature on BDM with regard to relevant real-life problems;ii) to emphasize the specific characteristics of donors and blood donation;iii) to propose the best promotion activities of blood collection. We conduct a systematic review of studies addressing differents problems in order to determine the efficacy of taxonomy and to get insights for potential directions and opportunities for future research about blood donation promotion and management. © 2022 IEEE.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected blood inventory and donation worldwide. The Islamic Republic of Iran was among the first countries to report the COVID-19 pandemic and it faced a significant blood shortage during the first weeks of the pandemic. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the number, type, and safety of blood donations, comparing the periods before and during the pandemic. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated data from all volunteers who attended the blood transfusion centres in the Islamic Republic of Iran from March to December 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) and during the same period in 2019, i.e. pre-pandemic. Data on the number of blood collections, confirmed transfusion transmissible infection marker test results, and donor demographic information were collected from the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization integrated donor database. Results: Total blood donations decreased by 8.38%. The number of first-time, lapsed, and female blood donors increased by 4.41%, 0.17%, and 0.90% respectively. Regular blood donation decreased by 4.58%. The distribution of the 3 main blood products, red cell concentrate, frozen fresh plasma and platelets, decreased by 7.86%. All changes were statistically significant. The prevalence rates of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigen increased significantly during the pandemic. Conclusion: COVID-19 had a negative effect on blood safety and availability in the Islamic Republic of Iran. To improve blood supply and enhance regular blood donation, the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization needs to reassure blood donors of the safety and hygiene measures being observed at blood collection sites.
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Blood Safety , COVID-19 , Female , Humans , Iran/epidemiology , Pandemics , Retrospective Studies , COVID-19/epidemiology , Blood DonorsABSTRACT
Introduction: We analyzed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) production in the process of qualifying donors-convalescents, plasma collection and dispensing from the Regional Center of Blood Donation and Blood Treatment (RCKiK, Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa) in Bydgoszcz in the light of Polish national data. Material and methods: This retrospective analysis based on the RCKiK documentation covers the first year of convalescent plasma production and use, i.e. from 1 May 2020 to 30 April 2021. Evaluations of the qualifying process for convalescent donors, plasma collection, and dispensing to hospitals were carried out. The data was analyzed in relation to data from all over Poland provided by the National Blood Center. Results: In the 12 months ending on 30 April, 2021, 121,896.2 CCP units were acquired in total in 21 Regional Blood Donation and Treatment Centers. Of these, 14,683 units (12%) were acquired in Bydgoszcz, which places RCKiK Bydgoszcz in first place in Poland. The majority of donors were men, and most men were multiple donors, but most women were first-time donors. Most donors donated blood once, but 28.8% of donors donated at least twice. Most donations took place between December 2020 and March 2021, i.e. after the peak of the second and during the third wave of the pandemic. Nearly all the CCP preparations were dispensed to 29 hospitals in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, and about 0.4% to other voivodeships. Conclusions: In the period from 1 May 2020 to 30 April 2021, the RCKiK in Bydgoszcz was the most active center in Poland for obtaining, producing and distributing plasma from people who were convalescing. In the plasma collection process, a very high level of commitment among of RBC personnel and donors was found, expressed in an increased number of donations. A relatively high proportion of donors were first-time and repeat multiple donors, although most donors gave only one donation. The mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies titer remained at a comparable level up to 150 days after disease. Copyright © 2022 The Polish Society of Haematologists and Transfusiologists, Insitute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine. All rights reserved.
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The impact of COVID-19 represents a specific challenge for voluntary transfusional systems sustained by the intrinsic motivations of blood donors. In general, health emergencies can stimulate altruistic behaviors. However, in this context, the same prosocial motivations, besides the personal health risks, could foster the adherence to social distancing rules to preserve collective health and, therefore, discourage blood donation activities. In this work, we investigate the consequences of the pandemic shock on the dynamics of new donors exploiting the individual-level longitudinal information contained in administrative data on the Italian region of Tuscany. We compare the change in new donors' recruitment and retention during 2020 with respect to the 2017-2019 period (we observe 9511 individuals), considering donors' and their municipalities of residence characteristics. Our results show an increment of new donors, with higher proportional growth for older donors. Moreover, we demonstrate that the quality of new donors, as proxied by the frequency of subsequent donations, increased with respect to previous years. Finally, we show that changes in extrinsic motivations, such as the possibility of obtaining a free antibody test or overcoming movement restrictions, cannot explain the documented increase in the number of new donors and in their performance. Therefore, our analyses indicate that the Tuscan voluntary blood donation system was effective in dealing with the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Blood Donors , COVID-19 , Humans , Altruism , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , EmergenciesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a reduction in blood donations and limited blood supply in many countries. The theory of planned behaviour has been widely used in past studies to understand the factors influencing blood donation. However, this theory limits analyses to the individual level. Furthermore, most research on the determinants of blood donation during the COVID-19 pandemic is quantitative in nature, with relevant qualitative research being rare. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the motivators and demotivators for donating blood among current blood donors during COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Forty in-depth, individual semistructured interviews were conducted with current blood donors from December 2020 to March 2021 in Hong Kong. Thematic content analysis was adopted in the data analysis. RESULTS: The majority of the participants (n = 37) were demotivated from donating blood during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors at the perceptual, social and institutional levels interacted to cause this reluctance. Only three participants felt more motivated to donate blood. The data revealed that sociocultural forces and government pandemic prevention policies strongly affected the participants' motivations to donate blood during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: This study presents a macro understanding of blood donation behaviour by investigating the institutional, social and perceptual factors influencing current blood donors during the COVID-19 pandemic. This adds a more comprehensive understanding of blood donation where the theory of planned behaviour is widely used in past studies. PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The participants shared their experiences in the interviews. Their experiences provide hints for explaining the decreasing blood donation during the pandemic times.
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Blood Donors , COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Motivation , Pandemics , Hong Kong/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic reached Bavaria in February 2020. Almost simultaneously, Chinese physicians published reports on the first successful treatments with plasma from COVID-19 convalescent donors. With these silver linings on the horizon, we decided to establish the manufacturing of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody-containing plasma from COVID-19 convalescent donors at our site. Here we describe our donor selection process, built from the ground up, which enabled us to cope with the immense resonance after our social media call for donors. Methods: As a first step, we created a specific questionnaire for telephone interviews applied by trained students to filter the wave of callers interested in plasma donation. Afterward, the medical staff evaluated the hotline questionnaires and chose eligible donors to be invited for on-site donor evaluation. Data documentation was performed with MS Excel, and statistical analyses were calculated with GraphPad Prism 8. A quantitative in-house ELISA was used to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and determine specific titers. Results: Out of 1465 calls from potential plasma donors, we could register 420 persons with a completed questionnaire. Evaluation of questionnaires identified 222 of 420 persons as eligible for donation, and 55 were directly asked for on-site donor qualification. Subsequently, as anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers ≥1:800 were required, we invited 89 of 222 potential donors for an antibody screening. This procedure resulted in another 28 potential donors for an on-site evaluation. Finally, 12 donors qualified with a titer of 1:400 and 24 with ≥1:800. Conclusion: Identifying suitable COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors was expected to be highly time-consuming. Implementing a screening procedure with our hotline questionnaire helped us streamline the donor selection process and reduce the workload for the staff. We propose combining the described selection process with the later introduced on-site antibody screening as an effective strategy.